The main issue here is the chances of a consular officer actually approving a visa. They are the sole determination. If you are able to navigate all the legal pitfalls you still have to face the interview and I, in my opinion, would think that there would be too many red flags for the officer to grant a visa.
1. You willfully broke 3 countries laws on marriage. This is the big one, even if you are able to legally untangle all this the fact remains and would probably get you a denial for the visa. Based on the information you have given even your US husband would be likely interviewed as well which is never good.
2. Because of 1 you would probably need to find a country to apply from that will not maybe seek justice for said offenses. THere will be paper trails. UAE is not known for being understanding even within ignorance of the law. Especially with foreigners.
3. It will cost you a lot of money in the end which lawyers will happily take while telling you it is possible, and all may be for nothing.
4. It doesn't change the fact that a Sharia Divorce will not be recognized in the Philippines because you were not married under Sharia Law even if it is backdated. Now with the recent decision of the Philippine supreme court to allow all foreign legal divorces you may be able to get around this UNLESS your Philippine spouse was NOT a foreigner in which case even a foreign divorce would not apply nor be legal.
Again, all this is just my opinion but your chances of actually being approved would be very slim. You're best bet might be to wait and see if the Philippines passes the divorce law and then start from there. They have another 3 weeks or so to take it up before it gets shelved again so there is a chance. Public opinion has changed regarding this. At any rate you may want to weigh cost of pursuing vs using that money to live as good as a life as possible either where you are currently or somewhere else. Only you can decide that. Best of luck to you.