My husband had his oath the Monday before Thanksgiving and we applied for his passport the next day. We expedited so he could travel home for Christmas and he got his passport in just over 2 weeks (which included the Thanksgiving holiday!)
All he needed was the application that we filled out online and printed out and brought with us, and his Naturalization Certificate. They took the photos at the post office. Make sure you know what form of payments your passport center takes, our post office only took checks, not credit card.