Yes, it is called the I-131 Travel Document.
Here is the link:
https://www.uscis.gov/i-131
Did you not apply for this when you did the AOS? Normally, people submit AOS/EAD/AP together to get the Employment Authorization (EAD) and AP (Advance Parole/Travel Document) while they wait for the GC, especially now that it is taking longer.
If you only did the I-485, I would suggest you to the I-131 and I-765 (https://www.uscis.gov/green-card/green-card-processes-and-procedures/employment-authorization-document), so you can be able to work and travel while your I-485 AOS/GC is being processed.
If you visit the USCIS website, it will tell you how long each of those are taking depending on the office you end up with. (https://egov.uscis.gov/processing-times/)
You can also check the approval estimates in VJ. (https://www.visajourney.com/times/)
You can travel to any country that allows a US passport to enter without a visa. Essentially, the travel document and your original passport become a version of a US passport when combined.
It will not affect your GC in any way, especially since it is common and recommended to submit all three. Usually, it is better to do them around the same time.
We hope that helps!