I had a friend who did just that. He had his oath ceremony a couple of weeks ago and needs to travel abroad next week. He called the passport agency's phone line for urgent service, had an in-person appointment a few days later, and passport in hand two days after that. The expedite fee is only $60 extra, don't bother with these agencies that charge you hundreds of dollars to expedite the processing. You must show proof of travel within 14 days, though.
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/get-fast/passport-agencies.html
