What significant taxes does the US have that Canada doesn't (foreign taxation)?

[ExPatty 502]

We know US citizens must always file taxes even if they live in another country. I understand that if that other country's taxes are higher than the US' that the foreign tax credit will mean that they won't end up actually paying the US anything. If the other country has lower, they might (although there is an exclusion amount up to $97k or something).

However, in light of this guy's experience: http://www.npr.org/2014/11/22/365910496/londons-mayor-calls-u-s-tax-bill-outrageous apparently England doesn't have a tax on capital gains of one's first house, which the US does, and so he owes the US money.

I'm wondering, then, are there similar and common scenarios in Canada; i.e. Canada doesn't exert a tax for a particular circumstance, but the US does, and so it would be impossible to get a foreign tax credit, therefore the American in Canada would owe taxes? This is for a person living long term in Canada of course, not a temporary thing.