About Connecting flight

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Most countries do not require a visa if you're just transferring in the same airport without going through passport control. This is usually the case if it's international flights arriving and departing at the same terminal. Some airports have a way to transfer terminals without going outside too, so it all depends on the airport. Most countries won't even have a passport official look at your passport if you're just transferring through, just some guy checking your ticket like at checkin and maybe another security check.

I flew through London and transferred terminals there without going through a passport check, they have a transfers bus that takes you between the terminals on the secured side. Also transferred in a bunch of other countries without going through a passport check.

On the other hand, I once flew through Spain and had to transfer in Barcelona to Madrid, and then on to the US. This required going through passport control in Barcelona as the Barcelona-Madrid flight is domestic and then again through passport control in Madrid to go to the international area.