Pinay Ako!

[Anna and Jeff 3]

I'm glad to contribute to the history class. This one is about my kinsfolk (I think, because Juan and Antonio Luna's mother is an Ancheta like yours truly)!

GENERAL ANTONIO LUNA'S ASSASSINATION

On June 4, 1899, a telegram from Aguinaldo, arrived ordering him to go to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija for a conference. He left at once with his aide, Col. Paco Roman.

When they arrived at Aguinaldo's headquarters in Cabanatuan they learned that he had left for Pampanga. While going down the stairs of the headquarters, the assassins, guards who happened to be the same men on whom he had imposed disciplinary punishments after the battle at Caloocan, pounced on him, riddled his body with bullets while others stabbed him.

He fired blindly with his pistol while shouting "Cowards and assassins! Coward Caviteños!" Col. Paco Roman rushed to his aid but was shot dead a few meters away from him.

It is interesting to note that Gen. Luna told Aguinaldo to disband the Philippine Constabulary (soldiers who will later on kill Luna), however the latter didn't listen or he was "advised" by some of his cabinet members to keep the soldiers. It is yet to be proven if Aguinaldo had anything to do with Luna's murder but most speculation points to him as the one who instigated the crime.

[muñequita linda 0]

San Isidro, Luzon, Philippine Islands -- May 6, 1899 One month after the Spanish-American War began an expeditionary force sailed from San Francisco to the Philippine Islands. Because most of the Regular Army was in Cuba and Puerto Rico, three-quarters of the first 10,000 U.S. Army troops to arrive in the Philippines were National Guardsmen, most of them from the West and Midwest. The Spanish surrendered quickly, but the Guardsmen soon had another enemy: Filipinos fighting for their independence.

In the spring of 1899 the 1st north Dakota Infantry was part of an expedition to clean our Insurgent strongholds north of Manila. When a civilian named Henry Young organized an elite scouting and reconnaissance force, 16 North Dakotans were selected for this detail, which also included four men from the 2d Oregon. Of Young and his 25 Scouts one historian wrote "Always in front of the main column, the scouts bore the brunt of the advance, reconnoitering and maintaining contact with the enemy."

On May 13, a reconnaissance party ran into a band of about 300 Insurgents. Without hesitation 11 Scouts charged the Filipinos and routed them; Young himself was mortally wounded. Three days later, while reconnoitering for water, the Scouts discovered that the Insurgents had set an important bridge on fire. Knowing the river below as unfordable, the 22 Scouts rushed the bridge and put out the flames, despite an enfilading fire from some 600 Insurgents. Supported by the 2d Oregon, the Scouts then drove the Insurgents from their trenches.

Fourteen Guardsmen were awarded the Medal of Honor during the first year of the Philippine Insurrection. Of that 14, ten were members of Young's Scouts, decorated for their actions on 13 and 16 May 1899. Seven men were from the 1st North Dakota and three from the 2d Oregon. Today, the 1st North Dakota is perpetuated by the 164th Engineer Group and the 141st Engineer Battalion North Dakota Army National Guard, and the 2d Oregon by the 162d Infantry Regiment Oregon Army National Guard.

Source

My fellow students of history ... do you think this was in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija or in Pulilan (fka San Isidro), Bulacan?

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

My fellow students of history ... do you think this was in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija or in Pulilan (fka San Isidro), Bulacan?

Rocky says it was San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. She visited that bridge many times, and says it is still a critical bridge, always under repair.

--Bullwinkle

[muñequita linda 0]

This is pretty cool and I would like to add some info about Juan Luna

- His art pieces were ignored or weren't that much valued until he won in the Exposition contest. His winning piece was the Spolarium.

- His "Batalion de Lepanto" embodies Luna's favorite color, azure (or color of the sea, something like blue/greenish) and can only be seen in the hall of the Spanish congress. It is shown to the public once a year.

- When Tavera had her miscarriage, she was told by her husband to go to their vacation house in Spain and spent her months there to recover from the incident. After several months, came back (or probably, Juan joined her in their vacation house) began to notice that his wife began wearing colorful pastel colors. This was an indication (according to him) that his wife was seeing somebody else. Out of jealousy, he went home raving mad. His wife quickly hid in their room and locked herself there. Juan demanded the door be opened but his life wouldn't let him in. So, he took the gun from his drawer and shot the lock. His wife was behind the door and received the bullet. He even shot his brother and mother in law.

Juan was charged and tried in the court however, he was found innocent from the crime because he had 'psychological disorder."

The Luna brothers were known to be short tempered. His brother, Antonio was killed (shot and stabbed point blank) by E. Aguinaldo's soldiers (the Philippine Constabulary. I'll post the story about it sometime soon) because he scolded them terribly much.

- Of his paintings, Parisian Life (bought by the GSIS) was the smallest. No more than about 3ft in width and 2ft or so in height, it happens to be quite controversial.

Of his paintings, Luna 'intentionally' didn't write the title of the piece on the lower right side of the painting. Hence, the piece itself has several titles: The woman in the cafe, Coquette (it was because the woman there flaunted her assets and was being stared at by 3 gentleman on the far end of the sofa). Few years after (from what I could remember), before GSIS bought the painting, art scholars cleaned the painting by letting it breath from its frame (eg taking the piece out from his frame) and there they found out at the back of the painting title of Luna's piece: Parisian life, written by the master himself.

There are several interpretations of this painting (which I have learned from the former head of GSIS museum, Mr. Bimbo Cerrudo.)

a. The woman represents the Philippines. Her whole body represents the whole Philippines. Plot on the mirror the silhouette of the Philippine map and the drawn image be placed over the painting (map and painting has to be of the same size). Batanes should be below the eye of the woman. Anyways, all shaded areas from her chest down to her skirts represents the mountainous regions of the Philippines. Luna did this perfectly because he had taken up naval subjects (dealing with correct measurements etc.)

b. Intentional Errors of the painting. Notice that the first thing we see from this painting is the woman. Why? Because there are some elements which aid our eyes to look at the subject. They are:

1. The angle of the coffee table;

2. The angle of the folded coat on the sofa;

3. The angle of the folded newspaper behind her; and

4. The eyes of the 3 gentle men looking at her.

Notice that the artist has aligned his subject to the window bar (grill however you call that). That is another intentional error. If you would follow the line of the window from the bowler's hat of the girl down to her neck, it would seem as though the lady's being hanged! Thus, it would explain the way she sits (with hands supporting her weight so as not to slip and suffer the faith, ie death by hanging)

c. Interpretations. There are a number of interpretations. Having said that the woman represents the Philippines, the rope bound to her neck represents Spain's tight grip on her. The newspaper behind her has this headline: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity (which was the main motto sprung during the French Revolution). It could then be said that at the back of the woman's mind, she's brewing a revolution-- not just an ordinary revolt but a national revolution.

Another interpretation would be that this painting represents Luna's wife.

N.B. notice the jacket on the sofa and 2 glasses of beer. One is half way filled and the other full to the brim. The viewer would then surmise the Luna's wife was out on a date and well..

Nice piece, Anna & Jeff!

If I were to interpret the painting, I would say that the three johns represent Luzon, Visayas & Mindanao eyeing on the lady of the night, representing Spain, and ready to pounce on her until she screams, "Okay, I'll let you free, you have your independence!"

I'd like to give my own interpretation of that painting. The grand lady represents Mother Spain and she always keeps an eye on the three gentlemen as what they are up to. These gentlemen are José Rizal, Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo and they are planning to revolt against the lady!

My fellow students of history ... do you think this was in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija or in Pulilan (fka San Isidro), Bulacan?

Rocky says it was San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. She visited that bridge many times, and says it is still a critical bridge, always under repair.

--Bullwinkle

Thank you very much.

[Anna and Jeff 3]

I'd like to give my own interpretation of that painting. The grand lady represents Mother Spain and she always keeps an eye on the three gentlemen as what they are up to. These gentlemen are José Rizal, Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo and they are planning to revolt against the lady!

Thank you very much.

Well, that could 'also be' in a 'Spanish perspective.'

To add more info regarding the painting:

The 3 gentlemen were: Jose Rizal (the guy who has his back turned to the audience), Don Ariston Bautista- Lim, a doctor and an infamous one since he was able to cure the cholera outbreak sometime in 1892 and Juan Luna himself. It is interesting to note that he did not paint himself in any of his paintings except for the Parisian Life. Why? Why only the Parisian life?

And the answer: Because 1892 was a notable year. That was the year Rizal came back to the Philippines and on July 3, 1892, he founded the La Liga Filipina (a nationalist movement designed to unite the whole Philippine Islands as one compact independent and free from 'mother' spain. Few days after, Rizal was arrested and imprisoned in Fort Santiago. July 7, 1892, KKK was founded by Andres Bonifacio.

So what do all these mean? Why would Luna include himself in the Painting? The painting itself served as something like a 'class picture' of people who had done notable deeds. So to be a part of the highly accomplished roster, he included his image in the Painting.

[Anna and Jeff 3]

José Rizal was a good man compared to Padre Gil. The bad ones, I think, were the armed rebels like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Diego Silang was a Spanish Ilocano mestizo like yours truly, so he should have been okay. (I love my own!). I wonder why Mother Spain abhored Rizal so much.

Imo, Bonifacio (never mined about Aguinaldo) aimed to liberate Philippines from spain. And I think that was a good thing to do. :thumbs:

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

José Rizal was a good man compared to Padre Gil. The bad ones, I think, were the armed rebels like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Diego Silang was a Spanish Ilocano mestizo like yours truly, so he should have been okay. (I love my own!). I wonder why Mother Spain abhored Rizal so much.

Imo, Bonifacio (never mined about Aguinaldo) aimed to liberate Philippines from spain. And I think that was a good thing to do. :thumbs:

Aguinaldo may have been the face of the Revolution, but Rizal and Bonifacio were the heart and soul. Apolinario Mabini was the brains of the Revolution.

--Rocky

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

My past sets the standard for my actions in the future. Instead of organizing fresh uprisings I shall seek the means to avoid them, for that, it seems to me, is the duty in times of peace of every honest citizen who truly loves his country. The same tenacity with which I defended our natural rights during the war is now called for by the conviction that the recognition of those rights by the United States constitutes the surest guarantee of peace and the most trustworthy safeguard against future insurrections. Fighting to the limits of our strength and of reasonableness, all we have accomplished has been to show our love of freedom; now that the United States have seen fit to recognize we are entitled to a measure of that freedom, guaranteeing to each citizen the exercise of certain rights which make our communal life less constricted, it is incumbent upon us to show that all we want are those rights, that all we desire is freedom of action to increase our treasury of culture and welfare, thus accrediting the capacity which justifies our claim to the promised recognition of the remainder of our freedom.

I can avow that the United States will very probably try to fulfill their pledges inasmuch as they know: (1) that their sovereignty has not been sought by the Filipinos but rather has been imposed upon them; (2) that whether the present cessation of hostilities is to become a true peace or a simple. truce, more or less extended, will depend on their treatment of, the Filipinos; (3) that Spain, in prohibiting in the Philippines the organization of associations or political parties to prevent their becoming spokesmen of. the desires of the people, fomented the organization of partisan bands, and, in proscribing the Liga Filipina, opened the way for the Katipunan; and (4) lastly, that any colonial regime, which does a not know how to adjust itself to the needs aroused by, the ever increasing culture of the colonized and by their ever easier and more intimate intercourse with civilized countries, encourages the separation of the colony and, at the same time, political corruption and decadence in the metropolis. If we should add to these counsels of reason and lessons of history the pride of a people that knows its own power and greatness and thinks it knows the way of the world, we could well affirm that there is-no reason for mistrust at this time when we should forget past grievances and sacrifice them for the sake of the reconciliation and brotherly union of Americans and Filipinos. Not only have the United States assured that this union is the most certain guarantee of our happiness but, by making themselves the arbiter of our fate, they have compelled us perforce to think it so. So be it, then but meantime let us labour to make our minds and hearts fit for whatever is worthy and honourable in life in the expectation that time will lift the veil of the future to show us the true way of our progress and happiness.

Now, since my illness requires a less strenuous life, I return, driven by circumstances to the obscurity, from whence I came in order to hide my shame and sorrow, not at having. acted dishonorably, but at not having rendered better service. It is not for me, of course, to say whether, I have acted well or badly, correctly or mistakenly. However, I cannot close without saying. that I have no other balm to sweeten the bitterness of a harsh and melancholy life than the satisfaction given by the conviction of having always done what I believed to be my duty. God grant that I can say the same at the hour of my death.

Ap. Mabini

Source

[Anna and Jeff 3]

José Rizal was a good man compared to Padre Gil. The bad ones, I think, were the armed rebels like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Diego Silang was a Spanish Ilocano mestizo like yours truly, so he should have been okay. (I love my own!). I wonder why Mother Spain abhored Rizal so much.

Imo, Bonifacio (never mind(typo error) about Aguinaldo) aimed to liberate Philippines from spain. And I think that was a good thing to do. :thumbs:

Aguinaldo may have been the face of the Revolution, but Rizal and Bonifacio were the heart and soul. Apolinario Mabini was the brains of the Revolution.

--Rocky

Most text books say that Bonifacio is the Father of Philippine Revolution. matapang na tao, hindi tumakbo, naputol ang kamay hindi tumakbo, naputol ang kwan, ahehehe. (literal trans: Brave man, he didn't run, his hand cut off, he still didnt run, his blank cut off, ahehe)

Supplementary notes:

General Perception about Bonifacio and Rizal:

Bonifacio and Rizal are often times compared and most, if not all would say, one is better than the other (in terms of literary achievements, methods used to fight the Spaniards.

Rizal, a literary man (my description, a man for all seasons) 'fought Spain' by pen as epitomized in his novels Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) and El Filibusterismo. He was a part of the great triumvirate (who were Marcelo H. Del Pilar, the journalist; Graciano Lopez Jaena, the orator; and Rizal) and a member of the Propaganda movement (which was established in Spain). I would like to stress that the common perception about the propaganda movement is that, it sought the policy of 'assimilation,' that is, they (members including 'Rizal') wanted Philippines to become a province of Spain so that they everyone indios-- natives of the Philippines, and Filipinos- Spaniards born in the Philippines (also called Insulares) would have equal opportunity (from freedom of expression to among other things.) The propagandists, 'even Rizal', were not 'separatists.'

Bonifacio, on the other hand, was a 'poor man' who sought education by self-study (note: a romantic description and an error in most history books. Pls see Glenn May's Romanticizing a hero). He had worked in a company and even sold fans. (more to be said about Boni, probably sometime soon)

IMO:

I would like to start off with Boni.

The oldest of several brothers (please excuse me, I'm rather poor with numbers), he had worked in a factory and sold fans. Yes, that is true, however; he became a manager of the company he was working at(see G. May's and Ferdinand Martin's and probably Ambeth Ocampo's books). Thus, how then could it be possibly said he was a poor man when he had the means (being the manager that he was). Second, his wife, Gregoria de Jesus. She was not just a plain girl but a wealthy landed woman. Third, the only remaining picture of Boni which is popularly circulated is him wearing an suite!

Rizal on the other hand, indeed joined the propaganda movement. He even wrote articles for the proganda's newsletter, La Solidaridad. However, he 'realized' (imo) that the propaganda movement was being used to push away the friars in the Philippines. Call it as something like anti-friar movement (this can be gleemed through e.g. Marcelo H. del Pilar's Frailocracia). This was not how Rizal wanted, imo. What was needed was independence. Thus, Rizal left the propaganda movement and few years later, he founded a Nationalist organization called La Liga Filipina. (sorry if my points are somewhat haphazard, it's 1.17am lol and feeling bit groggy.)

With regards to who was better, Rizal or Bonifacio, I would say the Boni was inspired by Rizal. He even took the time to attend the founding of La Liga Filipina and shook hands with Rizal though the latter did not personally know the former. Boni even used 'Rizal' as password for the highest officials of KKK.

I might have missed some points to raise here, but I will get back to them sometime soon. Cheers!

[Don José 2]

José Rizal was a good man compared to Padre Gil. The bad ones, I think, were the armed rebels like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Diego Silang was a Spanish Ilocano mestizo like yours truly, so he should have been okay. (I love my own!). I wonder why Mother Spain abhored Rizal so much.

Imo, Bonifacio (never mined about Aguinaldo) aimed to liberate Philippines from spain. And I think that was a good thing to do. :thumbs:

To the history class ..... who was Padre Gil?

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

José Rizal was a good man compared to Padre Gil. The bad ones, I think, were the armed rebels like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Diego Silang was a Spanish Ilocano mestizo like yours truly, so he should have been okay. (I love my own!). I wonder why Mother Spain abhored Rizal so much.

Imo, Bonifacio (never mined about Aguinaldo) aimed to liberate Philippines from spain. And I think that was a good thing to do. :thumbs:

To the history class ..... who was Padre Gil?

Rebellion of 1896. — A general attack and slaughter of the Spaniards was planned for the 20th of August, 1896. The plot was discovered by the priest of Binondo, Padre Gil, who learned of the movement through the wife of one of the conspirators, and within a few hours the government had seized several hundred persons who were supposed to be implicated. The arrests included many rich and prominent Filipinos, and at the end of some weeks the Spanish prisons contained over five thousand suspects. Over one thousand of these were almost immediately exiled to far- distant Spanish prisons — Fernando Po, on the west coast of Africa, and the fortress of Ceuta, on the Mediterranean.

Story goes, the good father had as consort, one of the wives of the KKK. She told of the plot in a moment of passion, pleading mercy for her family.

--Bullwinkle

[Señorita Tessa 1]

José Rizal was a good man compared to Padre Gil. The bad ones, I think, were the armed rebels like Bonifacio and Aguinaldo. Diego Silang was a Spanish Ilocano mestizo like yours truly, so he should have been okay. (I love my own!). I wonder why Mother Spain abhored Rizal so much.

Imo, Bonifacio (never mined about Aguinaldo) aimed to liberate Philippines from spain. And I think that was a good thing to do. :thumbs:

To the history class ..... who was Padre Gil?

Rebellion of 1896. — A general attack and slaughter of the Spaniards was planned for the 20th of August, 1896. The plot was discovered by the priest of Binondo, Padre Gil, who learned of the movement through the wife of one of the conspirators, and within a few hours the government had seized several hundred persons who were supposed to be implicated. The arrests included many rich and prominent Filipinos, and at the end of some weeks the Spanish prisons contained over five thousand suspects. Over one thousand of these were almost immediately exiled to far- distant Spanish prisons — Fernando Po, on the west coast of Africa, and the fortress of Ceuta, on the Mediterranean.

Story goes, the good father had as consort, one of the wives of the KKK. She told of the plot in a moment of passion, pleading mercy for her family.

--Bullwinkle

It appears that Padre Gil was another Padre Dámaso, one of the stars in José Rizal's Noli Me Tangere. Padre Dámaso, a Spanish friar, was supposedly Maria Clara's biological father!

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

Testimony (1)

Legarda stated that:

A curious fact that must be noted was that a friar, who was the priest of Tondo, was the cause of its breaking out; for Gen. Blanco knew of this movement of the people and what was going on, and was in favor of making concessions to the people. This friar denounced the society, for he had a very intimate friend who was a filipino, and he caused this friend to be introduced into the Katipunan society, and this friend afterwards became the leader of the revolution himself. This filipino was named Andres Bonifacio, and later on he was chief of the revolution and chief of the Katipunan society. He took refuge in Cavite, and all that province rose up. Aguinaldo who was Municipal Captain in Cavite Viejo that time, was also a member of the Katipunan.' When he heard that the civil Guard was going to arrest him, he revolted too. He met a man who was his superior in the society — that is, Bonifacio — and as his ambition was his moving spirit, he caused Bonifacio to be shot.'

Testimony (2)

Tavera gave his opinion as follows:

One day the priest of Tondo, Padre Gil, through the confession of a woman. learned of the existence of the Katipunan society, for the woman's husband was a member. This Father Gil informed the General, so the Katipunan society was discovered.

I like my story better. These two testimonies tell the version from completely opposite biases, one a supporter of Aquinaldo, and the other, a supporter of Bonifacio.

Source

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

Benito Legarda

Birth: Sep. 27, 1853

Manila, Philippines

Death: Aug. 27, 1915, France

Philippine Statesman. Also known as Benito Legarda Y Tuason, he was a member of one of Manila's richest and most prominent families. He received a law degree from Manila's Saint Thomas University and became a successful businessman. Legarda was a cabinet member and member of the legislature during Emilio Aguinaldo's Revolutionary Government, and he was a member of the first US-Philippine Commission appointed to administer the Philippines when they became a US territory. In 1907 he was elected as one of the Philippines first two Resident Commissioners to the US House of Representatives. Legarda was reelected twice, and served from November, 1907 to March, 1912. He did not run for reelection and returned to the Philippines. Legarda died in Evian les Bains, on Lake Geneva in France's Haute-Savoie Department, while traveling on business in Europe just three years after the completion of his service in Congress.

Source

[Rocky_nBullwinkle 6]

Trinidad Pardo De Tavera

Trinidad Hermenegildo Padro De Tavera (b. April 13, 1857- d. March 25, 1925) was a man of vast learning and probably the most versatile of the Filipino writers of his time (except for Rizal). He wrote on many subjects, from medicine to paleography, linguistics, numismatics, cartography, history, metrical romances, education, and social problems.

A Family Tragedy

Paz marriage to Juan Luna has become problematic when Luna in a fit of jealousy or anger would physically harm Paz. Juan Luna also frequently accused Paz of having other men. He falsely suspected that a certain Monsieur Dussaq had an amorous relations with Paz and threatened that he would kill Paz if he ever caught her with another man.

Trinidad Hermenegildo, her brother Felix and their mother Doña Julian combined all their efforts in preserving the marriage but due to the increased physical abuse suffered by Paz, they decided that divorce was the only choice left.

In September 21, Doña Julian frantically telegraphed Trinidad Hermenegildo and Felix to immediately come to Paris to save their sister. The two brothers together with Antonio Regidor went to the house of Juan and Paz. Upon seeing Antonio Regidor and explaining that they have come to dicuss the terms of separation, Juan Luna was became angry and went upstairs alone. To defuse the situation, the two brothers together with Antonio went to a nearby cafe but before they were served, the maid came running and told that something terrible was going to happen.

Upon arriving at the house, Luna was now brandishing a revolver in the first floor while Paz, her daughter and Doña Julian are in a room in the second floor. When Trinidad, Felix and Antonio started to approach the house, Luna fired a shot that hit Felix in the chest. Then before Trinidad could rush to the house, he heard three shots. When Trinidad entered the second floor room, he found his mother and sister shot in the head, his mother dead and his sister barely alive but unconscious. Paz died on October 8 at 6:15 pm without regaining consciousness.

Luna then handed his revolver to the maid and was promptly arrested by the police. Charges were filed against Juan Luna and in February 8, 1893, the court released the following decisions:

Juan Luna is not guilty and that he is acquitted in any charges brought against him.

Juan Luna was ordered to pay a one franc fine

Juan Luna must pay Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Felix Pardo de Tavera the sum of one thousand six hundred fifty-one francs and eighty-three cents, plus twenty-five francs for postage in addition to the interest of damages.

After his acquittal, Juan Luna, his son Andres Luna and her brother Antonio left Paris and went to Madrid.

Return to Manila

To escape the bitter memories of Paris, Trinidad and his brother together with their families left France. Felix and Doña Agustina Manigot settled in Buenos Aires while T.H. and his wife together with their sons, Carlos and Alfredo settled in Manila. In Manila, he joined the faculty of Medicine of the University of Santo Tomas and other governmental advisory boards.

When the 1896 Philippine Revolution broke out, T.H. Pardo de Tavera was spared from the similar fate shared by his uncle during the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. Unlike his uncle, his liberal ideas were not amalgamated to his official and scholarly work. His writings maintained a scholarly and intellectual discussion free of any liberal or reformist agendas or ideas. When fighting between Filipinos and Spanish forces broke out, he was commissioned as a major but he resigned from the army in April 1897. When the Americans declared war against Spain, Pardo de Tavera was one of the leading citizens in an consultative assembly seeking an alliance with the Filipinos against the Americans.

In 1899, he launched the newspaper entitled La Democracia that advocated peace, the separation of the church and state, granting of autonomy to the Philippines and representation to US Congress and the eventual admission of the Philippines to the United States Union.

In January 1923, he was appointed as director of the Philippine Library and Museum. Also during that year, he formed the Philippine Library Association and became its first president.

After serving in various government positions, Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera died in his sleep on March 25, 1925.

Source